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In laboratory rodents, the Pup Retrieval Test (PRT) is the leading procedure to assess pup-directed maternal care. Previous research might have missed important biological and/or environmental elements of this complex bidirectional interaction, because it often focused on one dyadic member only. Vital early-life dyadic interaction in mice requires a pup to signal its needs adequately, and a dam to recognize and respond to the pup’s cues accurately and timely. 6Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.5Behavioral Neuroscience, Experimental and Biological Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

4Social and Affective Neuroscience Research Group, Laboratory of Biological Psychology, Research Unit Brain and Cognition, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

3Department of Biosystems, Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

2Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

1Laboratory of Biological Psychology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.

Carmen Winters 1,2*, Wim Gorssen 3, Markus Wöhr 1,2,4,5,6 and Rudi D’Hooge 1,2